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The od command

The Unix od command provides
  • a method for examining the contents of binary files
  • the ability to choose a format for interpreting data
Usage:   od   Format   File

Dumps the contents of File in the specified Format

  • format -c ... treat each byte as an ASCII character
  • format -x ... treat each 2-byte as a hexadecimal number
  • format -d ... treat each 2-byte as a decimal integer
See   man od   for many more options (e.g. N-byte rather than 2-byte)