%LLNCS version of LINEAR working paper with self contained bibliography
%\documentstyle{article}
\documentstyle{llncs}

\begin{document}

\title{LINEAR --- PEIRCE Linear Notation Interface Subgroup}

\author{Young Bae Choi\inst{1}, John Esch\inst{2}, Maurice Pagnucco\inst{3}, Heather Pfieffer\inst{4} and Michel Wermelinger\inst{5}}
\institute{
Computer Science Telecommunications Program,
University of Missouri-Kansas City,
5100 Rockhill Road,
Kansas City, Missouri 64110-2499,
USA.\\
{\tt email: choi@vax2.cstp.umkc.edu}
\and
Paramax Systems Inc. (A Unisys Company),
P.O. Box 64525, MS U1N28,
St. Paul, MN 55164, USA.\\
{\tt email: esch@email.sp.paramax.com}
\and
Knowledge Systems Group,
Basser Department of Computer Science,
Madsen Building, F09,
University of Sydney,
Sydney, NSW 2006, AUSTRALIA.\\
{\tt email: morri@cs.su.oz.au}
\and
New Mexico State University\\
{\tt email: hdp@nmsu.edu}
\and
Dep. de Inform{\'a}tica,
Univ. Nova de Lisboa,
Quinta da Torre,
2825 Monte da Caparica,
PORTUGAL.\\
{\tt email: mw@fct.unl.pt}
}

\maketitle

\newcommand{\Cplusplus}{${\rm C}^{++}$}

\section{Introduction}

The purpose of the LINEAR subgroup is to coordinate the development of a
standard linear form grammar for Conceptual Graphs and to develop related tools.
The main aim of this paper is to present a linear form grammar for conceptual graphs
which we hope will form the basis for future standardisation efforts.
We also suggest some possible extensions to this grammar and contrast it with
the grammar used by PEIRCE.

In the following section we present a linear form grammar based on the work of
Esch \cite{Esc89} \cite{Esc92}
while section \ref{sectext} discusses some suggested extensions to the linear form grammar.
Section \ref{sectpeirce} presents the linear form grammar adopted by the current version of PEIRCE
(version 0.1) and discusses some of the more significant differences between this
grammar and that of section \ref{sectlfg}.
In section \ref{sectkif} we look at possible future directions with a short discussion
on integrating a linear form grammar with that of KIF [ref??].

\section{Linear Form Grammar --- Current Status}
\label{sectlfg}

This section contains extended BNF productions defining
a grammar for Conceptual Graph Linear Forms and some Extended Linear Forms. 
It is based on the appendix of \cite{Esc92}.
%It is based on the appendix of \underline{Conceptual Structures:
%Current Research and Practices}, Ed. Nagle, et al, Ellis Horwood, 1992.

\subsection{Meta-Language productions}
\begin{tabular}{|| l | l | l ||} \hline
Number & Name   & Production \\ \hline
100     & Terminal & Terminal symbols are denoted as strings, e.g. ``cat''.
\\      &       & An embedded `` is denoted by ````'' as in production 260.
\\
110     & Non-Terminal & Non-Terminal symbols are denoted by italics, e.g. {\em concept}.
\\
120     & Alternatives1 & Alternatives are separated by a vertical bar ``$|$'', e.g.
\\      &       & ``0'' $|$ ``1'' means a ``0'' or a ``1''.
\\
130     & Groupings & Groupings are contained in curly braces ``\{'' and ``\}'', e.g.
\\      &       & \{A B C\} means A followed by a B followed by a C.
\\
140     & Alternatives2 & Alternatives are contained in curly braces ``\{'' and ``\}'' and
\\      &       & separated by a vertical bar ``$|$'', e.g. 

\\      &       & \{$\leftarrow$ $|$ $\rightarrow$\} means either $\leftarrow$ or $\rightarrow$.
\\
150     & Options & Options are contained in square brackets ``['' and ``]'', e.g.
\\      &       & [{\em rlink}] means an optional {\em rlink} and 
\\      &       & [$\leftarrow$ $|$ $\rightarrow$] means $\leftarrow$ or $\rightarrow$ or neither.
\\
160     & Repetition & Repetition is denoted by ``...'' following a symbol, group,
\\      &       & alternative or option, e.g. {\em cgraph}... means 1 or more
\\      &       & {\em cgraph}s, \{  \}... means 1 or more of the group or 
\\      &       & alternatives within a group, and [  ]... means 0 or more of
\\      &       & the option or alternatives within the option.
\\
170     & Spaces & Spaces, returns, linefeeds, tabs, etc.  within a production
\\      &       & are treated as a single space except within terminals or as
\\      &       & otherwise explicitly noted by, e.g. a {\em newline} non-terminal. 
\\      &       & Where such a space occurs, it implies zero or more spaces,
\\      &       & returns, linefeeds, tabs, etc. in the language being defined
\\      &       & which are also interpreted as a single space for parsing;
\\      &       & no space between successive terminals or non-terminals is
\\      &       & interpreted as no space in the target language.
\\
180     & Comments & Comments in the meta and target languages are denoted by a
\\      &       & double semicolon where it and any other text remaining on
\\      &       & the line are interpreted as an end of line.
\\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\newpage

\subsection{Low Level Productions}
\begin{figure}
\begin{tabular}{|| l | l | l ||} \hline
Number  & Non-Terminal  & Production \\ \hline
200     & {\em digit} & 
``0'' $|$ ``1'' $|$ ``2'' $|$ ``3'' $|$ ``4'' $|$ ``5'' $|$ ``6'' $|$ ``7'' $|$ ``8'' $|$ ``9''
\\
202     & {\em number} & {\em digit}...
\\
204     & {\em letter} & 
``A'' $|$ ``B'' $|$ ``C'' $|$ ``D'' $|$ ``E'' $|$ ``F'' $|$ ``G'' $|$ ``H'' $|$ ``I'' $|$ 
\\&& ``J'' $|$ ``K'' $|$ ``L'' $|$ ``M'' $|$ ``N'' $|$ ``O'' $|$ ``P'' $|$ ``Q'' $|$ ``R'' $|$ 
\\&& ``S'' $|$ ``T'' $|$ ``U'' $|$ ``V'' $|$ ``W'' $|$ ``X'' $|$ ``Y'' $|$ ``Z'' $|$
\\&& ``a'' $|$ ``b'' $|$ ``c'' $|$ ``d'' $|$ ``e'' $|$ ``f'' $|$ ``g'' $|$ ``h'' $|$ ``i'' $|$ 
\\&& ``j'' $|$ ``k'' $|$ ``l'' $|$ ``m'' $|$ ``n'' $|$ ``o'' $|$ ``p'' $|$ ``q'' $|$ ``r'' $|$ 
\\&& ``s'' $|$ ``t'' $|$ ``u'' $|$ ``v'' $|$ ``w'' $|$ ``x'' $|$ ``y'' $|$ ``z''
\\
206     & {\em punctuation} & 
``['' $|$ ``]'' $|$ ``('' $|$ ``)'' $|$ ``\{'' $|$ ``\}'' $|$ ``-'' $|$ ``$<$'' $|$
\\&& ``$>$'' $|$ ``@'' $|$ ``\#'' $|$ ``*'' $|$ ``,'' $|$ ``.'' $|$ ``:'' $|$
\\&& `` '' $|$ ``$\tilde{\ }$'' $|$ {\em tab} $|$ {\em lambda} $|$ {\em forall}
\\
208     & {\em eol}   & [{\em comment}] \{{\em eof} $|$ {\em return} $|$ {\em newline}\}
\\               
210     & {\em other-char} & character-other-than-digit-letter-punctuation-or-eol
\\
220     & {\em name-char} & {\em digit} $|$ {\em letter} $|$ {\em other-char}
\\
230     & {\em text-char} & {\em name-char} $|$ {\em punctuation}
\\
240     & {\em text}  & \{{\em text-char}\}...
\\
250     & {\em comment} & ``;;''{\em text}
\\
260     & {\em string} & ````''{\em text}``''''
\\
270     & {\em identifier} & {\em letter}[{\em name-char}]...
\\
280     & {\em name}  & \{{\em letter} $|$ {\em digit}\}[{\em name-char}]...
\\
290     & {\em long-name} & {\em name}\{[`` '']...{\em name}\}... ;;a sequence of names
\\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{figure}
\newpage

\subsection{Conceptual Graph Productions}
\begin{figure}
\begin{tabular}{|| l | l | l ||} \hline
Number  & Non-Terminal  & Production \\ \hline
300     & {\em cgraph} & {\em c-node}  $|$  {\em relation conlink}  $|$  {\em actor conlink}
\\
310     & {\em c-node} & {\em concept}   [{\em rlink}]
\\
312     & {\em r-node} & {\em relation}  [{\em conlink}]
\\
314     & {\em a-node} & {\em actor}     [{\em conlink}]
\\
320     & {\em concept} & {\em ind-concept} $|$ {\em context} $|$ {\em exist-ref} $|$ {\em str-concept}
\\
322     & {\em ind-concept} & ``['' [{\em typefield}]  [{\em reffield}]  [{\em annotation}] ``]''
\\
324     & {\em typefield} & [{\em not}]{\em typelabel} $|$ {\em lambda-exp}
\\
326     & {\em exist-ref} & ``['' [[{\em typelabel}] ``:''] ``*''{\em generic-ref} ``]''
\\
328     & {\em str-concept} & ``['' {\em string} ``]''  ;;short for [{\em word}: {\em string}]
\\
330     & {\em relation} & ``('' [{\em not}]{\em typelabel} [{\em annotation}] ``)''
\\
340     & {\em actor} & ``$<$'' {\em typelabel} [{\em annotation}] ``$>$''
\\
350     & {\em conlink} & {\em arc  c-node}               $|$  ``-'' {\em conlist}
\\
352     & {\em rlink} & \{{\em arc  r-node} $|$ {\em arc a-node}\} $|$  ``-'' {\em rlist}
\\
354     & {\em conlist} & \{{\em newline  arc  c-node}               \}... ``,''
\\
356     & {\em rlist} & \{{\em newline} \{{\em arc  r-node} $|$ {\em arc a-node}\} \}... ``,'' 
\\
360     & {\em typelabel} & {\em long-name} [``@''{\em canon-name}]
\\
362     & {\em canon-name} & {\em name}
\\
364     & {\em annotation} & ``;'' {\em long-name}
\\
370     & {\em context} & [{\em not}] ``['' \{{\em cgraph}\}... ``]''
\\
%372     & {\em neg-context} & {\em not context}
%\\
374     & {\em not} & ``$\tilde{\ }$''
\\
376     & {\em lambda-exp} & {\em lambda} ``('' generic-ref ``)'' {\em cgraph}
\\
380     & {\em arc} & [{\em number}] \{ $\leftarrow$ $|$ $\rightarrow$ \}
\\
390     & {\em generic-ref} & {\em identifier}
\\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{figure}
\newpage

\subsection{Referent Field}
\begin{tabular}{|| l | l | l ||} \hline
Number  & Non-Terminal  & Production \\ \hline
400     & {\em reffield} & ``:'' [{\em names}] [{\em vars}] [{\em mark}] [{\em not}] [{\em referent}]
\\
402     & {\em names} & {\em name}[``=''{\em name}]...
\\
404     & {\em vars} & {\em variable}[``=''{\em variable}]...
\\
406     & {\em variable} & ``*''[{\em identifier}] 
\\
406     & {\em mark} & ``!'' $|$ ``?''
\\
410     & {\em referent} & {\em individual} [{\em measure}]  $|$  {\em generic-referent} 
\\
412     & {\em individual} & ``\#''[{\em name}]
\\
414     & {\em measure} & ``@''{\em long-name}
\\
420     & {\em generic-referent } & {\em set-ref} [{\em quantity}]
\\      &       & $|$ {\em cgraph} $|$ {\em context} $|$ {\em literal} $|$ {\em string}
\\
430     & {\em set-ref} & [``COLL''$|$``DISJ''$|$``DIST''$|$``RESP'']
\\      &       & ``\{'' {\em set-ref-list} ``\}''
\\
432     & {\em set-ref-list} & \{``**'' $|$ {\em set-ref}[``,''{\em set-ref}]...\} 
\\                    
434     & {\em set-ref} & {\em name} $|$ {\em variable} $|$ {\em individual}
\\
440     & {\em quantity} & ``\#'' $|$ {\em forall} $|$ ``@''{\em long-name} 
\\
450     & {\em literal} & ```''{\em long-name}  $|$  ``'''{\em list}
\\
452     & {\em list} & ``('' \{{\em long-name} $|$ {\em list}\}... ``)''
\\ \hline
\end{tabular}


\subsection{Extended Linear Forms}
\begin{tabular}{|| l | l | l ||} \hline
Number  & Non-Terminal  & Production \\ \hline
500     & {\em lf-file} & \{{\em statement} $|$ {\em comment}\}...
\\
502     & {\em statement} & \{{\em cgraph} $|$ {\em other-stm}\} ``.''
\\
504     & {\em other-stm} & 
{\em canon-stm} $|$ {\em type-stm} $|$ {\em relation-stm} $|$ {\em actor-stm} $|$ 
\\      &       & {\em schema-stm} $|$ {\em proto-stm} $|$ {\em selecting-stm}  $|$ 
\\      &       & {\em individual-stm} $|$ {\em canonical-stm}  
\\
510     & {\em canon-stm} & ``CANON'' {\em canon-name}   [ ``IS'' {\em cgraph} ]
\\
512     & {\em type-stm} & ``{\em TYPE}'' [{\em not}]{\em typelabel arg}  ``IS'' [{\em exist-ref}]  {\em cgraph}
\\
514     & {\em relation-stm} & ``RELATION'' [{\em not}]{\em typelabel args} ``IS'' 
\\      &       & [{\em exist-refs}] {\em cgraph}
\\
516     & {\em actor-stm} & ``ACTOR'' {\em typelabel args} ``IS'' {\em cgraph}
\\
520     & {\em schema-stm} & ``SCHEMA'' [``FOR''] {\em typelabel args} ``IS'' {\em cgraph}
\\
522     & {\em proto-stm} & ``PROTOTYPE'' {\em typelabel args} ``IS'' {\em cgraph}
\\
524     & {\em selecting-stm} & ``SELECTING'' ``GRAPH'' {\em typelabel} ``IS'' {\em cgraph}
\\
526     & {\em individual-stm} & ``INDIVIDUAL'' {\em typelabel ind} ``IS'' {\em cgraph}
\\
528     & {\em canonical-stm} & ``CANONICAL'' ``GRAPH'' ``IS'' {\em cgraph}
\\
%530     & {\em canon-name} & {\em identifier}
%\\
540     & {\em arg}   & ``('' {\em identifier} ``)''
\\
550     & {\em args}  & ``('' {\em identifier}  \{``,''{\em identifier}\}... ``)''
\\
560     & {\em exist-refs} & \{{\em exist-ref}\}...
\\
570     & {\em ind}   & ``('' [``\#'']{\em identifier} ``)''
\\ \hline
\end{tabular}

\section{Extensions to Linear Form}
\label{sectext}

The grammar presented in the previous section already contains some extensions
to a minimal linear form grammar.
In this section we suggest some further possible extensions to this grammar.

Firstly, we consider some extensions mentioned by Sowa \cite{Sow84}.

\begin{tabular}{|| l | l | l ||} \hline
Name & Contracted Form & Extended Form \\ \hline
name contraction & {\tt [C:Name]} & {\tt [C]->(NAME)->["Name"]}
\\
& {\tt [C:Name\#1234]} & {\tt [C:\#1234]->(NAME)->["Name"]}
\\
& &
\\
measure contraction & {\tt [C:@10m]} & {\tt [C]->(MEAS)->[MEASURE:10m]}
\\
& {\tt [C:\#1234@10m]} & {\tt [C:\#1234]->(MEAS)->[MEASURE:10m]}
\\
& &
\\
quantity contraction & {\tt [C:\{*\}@2]} & {\tt [C: \{*\}]->(QTY)->[NUMBER:2]}
\\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\\
\\
These extended linear forms will in fact be parsed by the grammar in section \ref{sectlfg} ---
this table presents their equivalent linear forms.


\section{Comparison with PEIRCE Linear Form}
\label{sectpeirce}

The grammar in section \ref{sectlfg}
represents many years of work and most of the mainstream ideas on conceptual graphs.
%The grammar in section \ref{sectlfg}, though still at an early stage of development,
%already represents a considerable portion of what would pass for the linear form
%of a conceptual graph.
PEIRCE on the other hand, being only in its first release, uses a much smaller
grammar.

In this section we first present the linear form productions of the grammar
parsed by the current PEIRCE release and then contrast it with the grammar of section
\ref{sectlfg} pointing out some of the more significant differences between the two.

\subsection{Grammar for PEIRCE 0.1}

The following table presents the linear form grammar accepted
by the current version of PEIRCE \footnote[1]{
PEIRCE can in fact parse more than just conceptual graphs in linear form
(see \cite{Ell93}) but we shall restrict ourselves to discussing the linear form
portion of its grammar.}
\cite{Ell93} (see pp. 11-13).

\begin{tabular}{|| l | l ||} \hline
Non-Terminal & Production \\ \hline
{\em sentence} & {\em term} ``.'' $|$ {\em term} ``?''
\\
{\em term} & {\em unconnected\_graph} $|$ {\em declaration}
\\
{\em unconnected\_graph} & {\em connected\_graph} $|$ {\em connected\_graph} {\em unconnected\_graph}
\\
{\em connected\_graph} & {\em node} {\em link}
\\
{\em graph} & {\em node} {\em link}
\\
{\em node}(Type) & {\em left\_delimiter}(Type) {\em node\_label}(Type) {\em right\_delimiter}(Type)
\\
{\em node\_label}(Type) & {\em type} $|$ {\em type} ``:'' {\em referent} $|$ {\em variable} $|$ {\em graphs}
\\
{\em referent} & {\em variable} $|$ {\em individual\_marker} $|$ {\em graphs}
\\
{\em variable} & ``*'' {\em variable\_name} $|$ {\em variable\_name}
\\
{\em individual\_marker} & {\em string} $|$ {\em individual} $|$ '\#' {\em individual}
\\
{\em individual} & {\em individual\_first\_char} {\em individual\_suffix}
\\
{\em individual\_first\_char} & {\em upper\_case} $|$ {\em digit}
\\
{\em individual\_suffix} & {\em empty} $|$ {\em individual\_suffix\_char} {\em individual\_suffix}
\\
{\em individual\_suffix\_char} & {\em alphanumeric} $|$ ``\_''
\\
{\em graphs} & {\em graph} $|$ {\em graph} {\em graphs}
\\
{\em left\_delimiter}(CONCEPT) & ``[''
\\
{\em left\_delimiter}(RELATION) & ``(''
\\
{\em right\_delimiter}(CONCEPT) & ``]''
\\
{\em right\_delimiter}(RELATION) & ``)''
\\
{\em link} & {\em empty} $|$ {\em arc} {\em node} {\em link} $|$ ``-'' {\em links} ``,''
\\
{\em links} & {\em link\_one\_of\_many} $|$ {\em link\_one\_of\_many} {\em links}
\\
{\em link\_one\_of\_many} & ``$\backslash$n'' {\em next\_link} {\em link}
\\
{\em next\_link} & {\em arc} {\em node} $|$ {\em node} {\em arc} {\em node}
\\
{\em arc} & ``$-$'' $|$ ``$-$'' {\em type\_label} ``$-$'' $|$ ``$->$'' $|$ ``$-$'' {\em type\_label} ``$->$'' $|$
\\
 & ``$<-$'' $|$ ``$<-$'' {\em type\_label} ``$-$''
\\
{\em variable\_name} & {\em lower\_case} {\em variable\_name\_suffix}
\\
{\em variable\_name\_suffix} & {\em variable\_name\_suffix\_char} {\em variable\_name\_suffix}
\\
{\em variable\_name\_suffix\_char} & {\em alphanumeric} $|$ ``\_''
\\
{\em type} & {\em type\_label} $|$ {\em type\_label} ``('' {\em feature\_list} ``)''
\\
{\em type\_label} & {\em first\_type\_label\_char} {\em type\_label\_suffix}. $|$ {\em string}
\\
{\em first\_type\_label\_char} & {\em upper\_case\_char} $|$ {\em digit} $|$ ``$-$''
\\
{\em type\_label\_suffix} & {\em empty} $|$ {\em type\_label\_suffix\_char} {\em type\_label\_suffix}
\\
{\em type\_label\_suffix\_char} & {\em alphanumeric} $|$ ``\_''
\\
{\em feature\_list} & {\em feature\_pair} $|$ {\em feature\_pair} ``,'' {\em feature\_list}
\\
{\em feature\_pair} & {\em type\_label} ``$=>$'' {\em feature\_term} $|$
\\
& {\em type\_label} ``$=>$'' {\em feature\_term} ``:'' {\em variable} $|$
\\
& {\em feature\_term} $|$ {\em feature\_term} ``:'' {\em variable}
\\
{\em string} & ````'' {\em non\_double\_quoted\_chars} ``''''
\\
{\em declaration} & {\em type\_label} ``$<$'' {\em type\_labels} $|$ {\em type\_label} ``::'' {\em individual}
\\
{\em typelabels} & {\em type\_label} $|$ {\em type\_label} ``,'' {\em type\_labels}
\\ \hline
\end{tabular}

\subsection{Comparison with Standard Linear Form Grammar}

Firstly, there are a number of things considered in the PEIRCE grammar that are not
addressed by the grammar presented in section \ref{sectlfg}.
These include:
\begin{itemize}
\item
Declaration of subtype relationships\\
(e.g., {\tt Type $<$ Type$_1$, ..., Type$_n$})
\item
Declaration of conformity relationships\\
(e.g., {\tt Type :: \#1234})
\item
Type labels on arcs denoting relations {\tt [C1]$-$R$->$[C2]}\\
(e.g., see \cite{Ell93} p.28)
\item
Feature terms\\
(e.g., \cite{Ell93} p.28 {\tt [WHITE KING(RANK$=>$0): *x2]})
\end{itemize}

Among the things covered by our grammar but not as yet by PEIRCE are:
\begin{itemize}
\item
Negated contexts
\item
Actors
\item
Reasonably complex referents --- PEIRCE currently allows only generic and individual
referents
\end{itemize}

There are also some other differences between the two grammars.
In particular: \\

\begin{tabular}{| l | l | l ||} \hline
Feature & Grammar in Section \ref{sectlfg} & PEIRCE v0.1 \\ \hline
Relation/Concept & Differentiated in grammar & Not differentiated in grammar but
\\
& & code checks that relations are
\\
& & connected to concepts and vice versa
\\
&&
\\
Variables & Must begin with ``*'' & Must begin with lowercase letter
\\
& followed by an idenitifier & may be preceded by ``*''
\\
& beginning with a letter &
\\
&&
\\
Individuals & Must begin with ``$\# $'' & Must begin with uppercase letter or
\\
& followed by an name beginning & digit
\\
& with a letter or digit & may be preceded by ``$\# $''
\\
&&
\\
Type Label & Series of names beginning with & Must begin with uppercase letter or be
\\
& a letter or digit. & a string
\\
& May also appear negated &
\\ \hline
\end{tabular}

\section{Future Directions --- Interfacing with KIF}
\label{sectkif}

\section{Conclusions}

In this report we have investigated a number of issues concerning the linear
form of a conceptual graph.
We have presented a fairly comprehensive grammar that represents
many of the mainstream developments in conceptual graphs over the years.
This grammar was compared with that of PEIRCE 0.1 to give an idea
of the fundamental differences between the two.
Finally, we have attempted to discuss some possible future developments
of the linear form with regard to its integreation with KIF.

\section{Acknowledgements}
The authors would like to thank Gerard Ellis for providing a
copy of the PEIRCE linear form grammar included in section \ref{sectpeirce}.

\begin{thebibliography}{[\ref{LastReference}]}

\bibitem{Ell93}
Ellis, Gerard., PEIRCE User Manual,
1993.

\bibitem{Esc89}
Esch, John. W., Conceptual Graph Linear Forms,
In {\it Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Workshop on Conceptual Structures.}
Nagle, J. A. and Nagle, T. E. (Eds.), 1989.

\bibitem{Esc92}
Esch, John. W., Conceptual Graph Linear Forms,
In {\it Conceptual Structures: Current Research and Practices},
Ed. Nagle, et al, Ellis Horwood, 1992.

\bibitem{Sow84}
Sowa, John. F.,
Conceptual Structures: Information Processing in Mind and Machine,
Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA (1984)

\bibitem{Sow89}
Sowa, John. F., Conceptual Graph Notation.
In {\it Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Workshop on Conceptual Structures,}
Nagle, J. A. and Nagle, T. E. (Eds.), 1989.

\label{LastReference}
\end{thebibliography}

%\bibliographystyle{plain}
%\bibliography{lsgwp}

%\appendix

%\section*{Appendix A}
\end{document}
