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Undo/Redo Logging

UNDO logging and REDO logging are incompatible in
  • order of outputting <COMMIT T> and changed data
  • how data in buffers is handled during checkpoints
Undo/Redo logging combines aspects of both
  • requires new kind of update log record
    <T,X,v,v'> gives both old and new values for X
  • removes incompatibilities between output orders
As for previous cases, requires write-ahead of log records.